Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
The former tsar, his wife, their five children and four members of their household were killed and their bodies secretly buried; the remains were identified by DNA in the 1990s and 2000s.
The Mahdist state ruled most of Sudan for 13 years before Anglo-Egyptian forces destroyed it in 1898-1899.
Decisive Confederate victory; the Union Army of the Potomac lost about 12,600 men and withdrew across the Rappahannock River.
Koch showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, giving decisive support to the germ theory of disease and founding modern bacteriology.
Russia crushed the uprising, abolished the Kingdom of Poland's constitution and army, and thousands of Poles went into exile in the Great Emigration.
The temple was rebuilt and enlarged at least seven times, destroyed by the Spanish after 1521 and rediscovered in 1978, becoming Mexico's most important Aztec archaeological site.
Ewuare rebuilt Benin City, reorganised the palace and town chiefs and launched the conquests that made Benin a regional empire.
The Sunda king and most of his party were killed; the planned marriage alliance collapsed and Gajah Mada's reputation suffered.
The Tangut Western Xia state held its own against Song and Liao for nearly two centuries before being destroyed by the Mongols in 1227.
The church and much of the rock-cut tomb were demolished; a smaller church was rebuilt with Byzantine help by about 1048.
A royal palace chapel that turned Paris into a great relic shrine and became a masterpiece of Rayonnant Gothic stained glass.
Charlemagne became the first emperor in the West since 476, creating a rival to Byzantium and the foundation of the later Holy Roman Empire.
