Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
Spain established a permanent settlement in Florida, destroyed the French Huguenot colony at Fort Caroline and held St. Augustine as the capital of Spanish Florida for most of the next 256 years.
An earthquake of estimated magnitude around 8 devastated Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan; official records put the dead at about 830,000, the highest toll of any recorded earthquake.
Barbarossa made Algiers an Ottoman province and, as grand admiral, made the Ottoman navy the leading force in the Mediterranean.
De revolutionibus presented a mathematical model of a Sun-centred universe that, refined by Kepler and Galileo, overturned the Earth-centred cosmos.
No formal verdict was reached, but Luther publicly denied the divine right of the papacy and the infallibility of councils, hastening his condemnation.
Castile received papal sanction for lands west of a line 100 leagues beyond the Azores and Cape Verde Islands, prompting Portugal to negotiate the Treaty of Tordesillas.
An estimated 1,000-6,000 deaths in Chile, about 2 million people left homeless, and a tsunami that killed people in Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines.
France proposed a supranational coal and steel community with West Germany, leading to the Treaty of Paris of 1951 and the start of European integration.
A small archery competition for spinal injury patients grew into the International Stoke Mandeville Games and then the Paralympic movement.
The double-helix model, published in Nature on 25 April 1953, explained how genetic information is stored and copied and founded molecular biology.
The southern wing of the hotel collapsed, killing 91 people; the attack hardened British opinion and helped push Britain to refer Palestine to the United Nations.
Government victory; the Democratic Army was defeated in 1949, Greece stayed in the Western camp and the Communist Party remained banned until 1974.
