Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
About two centuries of internal stability, trade and urban growth across the Mediterranean world, ending with the frontier wars, plague and political crises of the late second and third centuries.
Decisive Theban victory; the Spartan king was killed and Sparta's dominance of Greece came to an end.
Montet found several royal tombs, three with intact burials, whose treasures are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
The daric became the standard gold coin of the Persian Empire and a famous tool of Persian diplomacy in the Greek world for nearly two centuries.
Around 400 Navajo Marines served as code talkers; Japanese forces never broke their code, and the programme was declassified in 1968.
The US Constitution was amended so that no state could deny citizens the vote on account of sex, though many women of colour remained excluded in practice.
France withdrew from Fashoda; the 1899 Anglo-French convention left the Nile basin to Britain and paved the way for the Entente Cordiale.
Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors annihilated five companies of the US 7th Cavalry under Custer, but the victory provoked a campaign that ended free Plains life within a year.
Thomson showed that cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles far smaller than atoms, identifying the first subatomic particle, the electron.
The Crimean War ended; the Black Sea was neutralised, Russia lost southern Bessarabia, and the Ottoman Empire's integrity was guaranteed by the powers.
Kaifeng surrendered to the Mongols in 1233 after its emperor had fled; the Jin dynasty fell the following year at Caizhou.
The Hospitallers turned the castle into the strongest fortress of the crusader states; it surrendered to the Mamluk sultan Baybars on 8 April 1271.
