Modern Era
Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923): Ataturk's Victory
Turkish nationalist victory; the Treaty of Sevres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne and the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in October 1923.
All Articles
Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
Modern Era
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898): The Katipunan Against Spain
Spanish rule collapsed in 1898, but the Philippines passed to the United States under the Treaty of Paris, leading to the Philippine-American War.
Modern Era
Thirteenth Amendment (1865): The Abolition of Slavery in the US
Slavery and involuntary servitude were abolished throughout the United States, except as punishment for a crime, freeing the last enslaved people in states such as Kentucky and Delaware.
Modern Era
Manchester Ship Canal (1894): Bringing the Sea to Manchester
Ocean-going ships could reach Manchester directly, making it one of Britain's leading ports and breaking Liverpool's grip on its trade.
Modern Era
Haussmann's Renovation of Paris: Boulevards of the Second Empire
Paris was transformed into a modern city of broad boulevards, uniform apartment blocks, parks and sanitary infrastructure, at great financial and social cost.
Middle Ages
Llullaillaco Children: The Inca Capacocha Mummies
Three naturally frozen Inca children and their offerings were recovered in 1999, giving detailed evidence of the capacocha ritual.
Middle Ages
Battle of Yehuling (1211): Genghis Khan Crushes the Jin Army
Decisive Mongol victory; the Jin field army was destroyed and northern China lay open to Mongol raids and conquest.
Middle Ages
Siege of Antioch (1097-1098): The First Crusade's Ordeal
Crusaders captured Antioch on 3 June 1098 and defeated Kerbogha's relief army on 28 June; Bohemond founded the Principality of Antioch.
Middle Ages
Outrage of Anagni (1303): Philip IV Confronts Pope Boniface
Boniface VIII was held captive for about three days and died a month later; papal power over kings was badly weakened.
Middle Ages
Jorvik: Viking York and the Coppergate Excavations (866)
York became the capital of a Scandinavian kingdom and a major trading town; the Coppergate dig of 1976-1981 revealed its everyday life in exceptional detail.
Middle Ages
Recapture of Constantinople (1261): Byzantium Restored
The Empire of Nicaea retook Constantinople, ending the Latin Empire and restoring the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty.
Early Modern
Russian Annexation of Crimea (1783): End of the Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate was abolished and its lands became part of the Russian Empire, a change accepted by the Ottoman Empire in January 1784.