Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia; about 28,000 Confederate soldiers were paroled and allowed to go home, and the remaining Confederate forces surrendered over the following weeks.
A 6.4 km canal through solid rock separated the Peloponnese from mainland Greece, but proved too narrow for most large ships.
Russia was defeated; the Treaty of Paris (1856) neutralised the Black Sea and checked Russian expansion towards the Ottoman Empire.
The enlarged Templo Mayor was dedicated with massive ceremonies, and Ahuitzotl went on to extend the Aztec Empire to its greatest size.
The steppe tribes were united as a single Mongol nation under Genghis Khan, whose armies went on to conquer much of Eurasia.
The expedition was destroyed by Seljuk Turks near Civetot in October 1096; a few thousand survivors were rescued by the Byzantines.
Decisive Flemish victory; the French army was routed and Robert of Artois and hundreds of knights were killed.
The army destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia; only Wessex survived, and Scandinavian settlement created the Danelaw.
The 1259 murals survived largely intact and the church was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979.
The Haze Famine killed roughly 20 to 25 per cent of Iceland's population, and the sulphurous haze caused illness and excess deaths across Europe.
British victory: the American army was outflanked and defeated but escaped to Manhattan by night, and New York City fell to the British.
The Dzungar Khanate was destroyed, most Dzungars died or fled, and the Qing annexed the region later named Xinjiang.
