Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
Jean Calas was executed in 1762, but after Voltaire's campaign a royal tribunal declared him innocent in 1765, and the case became a symbol of the fight against religious intolerance.
The invasion failed; the Armada was driven into the North Sea and lost an estimated 50 to 65 ships, mostly in storms on the way home.
Pizarro was killed; Almagro's son briefly seized power until royal forces defeated him at Chupas in September 1542.
166 people, including police officers and foreign nationals, were killed along with nine of the ten attackers; India–Pakistan relations were badly damaged and India reformed its counterterrorism system.
The European Union grew from 15 to 25 member states, reuniting much of the continent divided by the Cold War.
The protest put Aboriginal land rights at the centre of national politics and the Embassy, permanently re-established in 1992, still stands.
Hubble's mirror flaw was corrected by astronauts in December 1993, and the telescope went on to transform astronomy, helping to fix the age of the universe and revealing its accelerating expansion.
An estimated 1.5 to 2 million people died; the regime fell to a Vietnamese invasion in January 1979, and surviving leaders were tried decades later.
D Company held its ground until relieved; 18 Australians were killed and at least 245 Viet Cong bodies were found, and the 1st Australian Task Force kept control of its area.
Herod ruled Judea as a Roman client king for over three decades, transforming it with monumental buildings; after his death his kingdom was divided among three sons.
Its date became the conventional marker for the start of the Classic Maya period in the southern lowlands.
After a failed first campaign, Han besieged the Dayuan capital in 102-101 BC; the Dayuan nobles killed their king and handed over horses, and Han prestige in Central Asia rose.
