Every Chronicle article on world history, newest first: battles, empires, disasters, discoveries and revolutions.
The Guptas built the largest Indian empire since the Mauryas and presided over a classical flowering of art, science and Sanskrit literature before declining in the 6th century.
The three men controlled Roman politics through the 50s BC; the alliance ended with Crassus's death in 53 BC, leaving Caesar and Pompey as rivals.
Athenian victory; 292 Spartan and allied hoplites, about 120 of them full Spartan citizens, surrendered and were taken to Athens as hostages.
Prince Zannanza died before he could marry the queen, and the episode led to Hittite attacks on Egyptian territory in Syria.
The gate became the best-known monument of ancient Babylon; its front section was reconstructed in Berlin, while its foundations remain at the site in Iraq.
All major continents were joined for over 100 million years before rifting apart in the Jurassic to form the Atlantic Ocean and today's continents.
The eight people in hiding were arrested in August 1944 and only Otto Frank survived; Anne's diary, saved by Miep Gies, was published in 1947.
American victory; the wood was cleared by 26 June at the cost of nearly 10,000 US casualties.
British forces captured Mandalay and exiled King Thibaw; Upper Burma was annexed to British India on 1 January 1886, ending the Konbaung dynasty.
Confederate victory; the Union Army of the Cumberland retreated into Chattanooga, where it was besieged until November 1863.
The experiment found no measurable motion of the Earth through the supposed luminiferous ether, a null result that later supported Einstein's special theory of relativity.
Most revolutions were defeated by 1849, but serfdom ended in the Austrian Empire, France gained universal male suffrage and several states kept constitutions.
