Early Modern
Spanish Conquest of Yucatán (1527-1697): The Maya Resist
Northern Yucatán came under Spanish rule in the 1540s, but the independent Itza Maya kingdom of the Petén held out until 1697.
Era · c. 1500 – 1800
Early Modern
Voyages of exploration, the Reformation and the age of revolutions that reshaped Europe and the wider world.
Early Modern
Narváez Expedition and Cabeza de Vaca's Odyssey (1527-1536)
The expedition was destroyed; of about 300 men who marched inland only four completed the journey, reaching Mexico City in 1536 after crossing much of the continent on foot.
Early Modern
Sack of Rome (1527): Charles V's Mutinous Army Pillages the City
Rome was pillaged for weeks, Clement VII surrendered on 6 June 1527, and the papacy fell under the influence of Charles V.
Early Modern
Paracelsus at Basel (1527): A Revolt Against Galenic Medicine
Paracelsus's challenge to ancient authority caused a scandal and he fled Basel within a year, but his chemical approach to medicine later shaped iatrochemistry and pharmacology.
Early Modern
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529): Settling the Moluccas Dispute
Spain gave up its claim to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) to Portugal for 350,000 ducats, and a demarcation line was drawn in the Pacific east of the islands.
Early Modern
Inca Civil War (c. 1529-1532): Atahualpa against Huáscar
Atahualpa's generals defeated and captured Huáscar in 1532, but the war left the empire divided and weakened just as the Spanish arrived.
Early Modern
Fall of Cardinal Wolsey (1529): Henry VIII's Minister Disgraced
Wolsey was charged with praemunire, surrendered the Great Seal and was replaced by Thomas More; arrested for treason in 1530, he died before trial.
Early Modern
Siege of Vienna (1529): Suleiman's First Attempt on Vienna
The garrison repulsed every assault and the Ottoman army withdrew; Vienna remained in Habsburg hands.
Early Modern
Marburg Colloquy (1529): Luther and Zwingli Fail to Agree
The reformers agreed on 14 of 15 Marburg Articles but could not agree on Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper, so no united Protestant front emerged.
Early Modern
Battle of Shimbra Kure (1529): Ahmad Gran Defeats Ethiopia
Victory for the Adal Sultanate; the Ethiopian army was defeated and the way opened for the Adal conquest of much of the Ethiopian highlands from 1531.
Early Modern
Augsburg Confession (1530): The Lutheran Statement of Faith
The Lutheran estates set out their faith before the emperor; Catholic theologians rejected it and the confession became the basic creed of Lutheranism.
Early Modern
Battle of Kappel (1531): Zwingli Killed in Swiss Religious War
Victory for the five Catholic cantons; Zwingli was killed and the Second Peace of Kappel halted the spread of Protestantism in the Confederation.