Middle Ages
Battle of Lincoln (1217): William Marshal Saves Henry III
Royalist victory; the rebel barons' army was destroyed, opening the way to the Treaty of Lambeth and Prince Louis's withdrawal from England.
Era · c. 500 – 1500
Middle Ages
Kingdoms, crusades and plagues: the medieval world from the end of the Western Roman Empire to the fall of Constantinople.
Middle Ages
Mongol Conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219-1221)
The Khwarazmian Empire collapsed; its great cities were sacked and Central Asia and eastern Iran came under Mongol rule.
Middle Ages
Saint Sava (1219): Founding the Independent Serbian Church
The Serbian Church became autocephalous (self-governing) under its own archbishop, with its seat at Žiča, independent of the Archbishopric of Ohrid.
Middle Ages
Salisbury Cathedral: Early English Gothic and the Tallest Spire
A cathedral built almost entirely in one style within a generation, later crowned by the tallest church spire in Britain.
Middle Ages
Mayapan: The Last Great Maya Capital in Yucatan
Mayapan dominated northern Yucatan for about two centuries until a revolt destroyed it, after which the region split into rival provinces that faced the Spanish.
Middle Ages
Jokyu War (1221): Emperor Go-Toba Challenges the Shogunate
The Kamakura shogunate defeated the court, exiled three retired emperors and confirmed the supremacy of the Hojo regents over Kyoto.
Middle Ages
Golden Bull of 1222: Hungary's Charter of Noble Rights
Andrew II granted a charter guaranteeing the rights of the royal servants and nobility; it remained a cornerstone of Hungarian constitutional law until 1848.
Middle Ages
Ken Arok and the Founding of the Singhasari Kingdom in Java
Ken Arok defeated Kediri at Ganter in 1222 and founded the Rajasa dynasty, which ruled Singhasari and later Majapahit.
Middle Ages
Death of Genghis Khan (1227) and the Mystery of His Tomb
Genghis Khan died during the final campaign against Western Xia, which was destroyed; he was buried in a secret grave in Mongolia and succeeded by his son Ögedei in 1229.
Middle Ages
Sixth Crusade (1228-1229): Frederick II Regains Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth were returned to Christian rule by the Treaty of Jaffa, with a truce of ten years, while the Temple Mount stayed under Muslim control.
Middle Ages
Mongol Invasions of Korea (1231-1259): How Goryeo Resisted
After nearly three decades of war Goryeo accepted Mongol overlordship in 1259 but kept its dynasty and a large measure of self-rule.
Middle Ages
Medieval Inquisition (1231): The Papal Hunt for Heresy Begins
Heresy trials passed from local bishops to papally appointed inquisitors, chiefly Dominican and Franciscan friars, a system used for the rest of the Middle Ages.