Modern Era
Spartacist Uprising (1919): Communist Revolt in Berlin
The uprising was crushed by government troops and Freikorps; Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were murdered on 15 January 1919.
Era · c. 1800 – 1945
Modern Era
Industry, science and global conflict: the century and a half that built the modern world.
Modern Era
Scuttling of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow (1919)
52 of the 74 interned German warships sank, preventing their handover to the Allies; nine German sailors were killed.
Modern Era
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): The Amritsar Shooting
British-led troops killed at least 379 people by the official count, and probably many more; the massacre turned millions of Indians against British rule.
Modern Era
Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923): Ataturk's Victory
Turkish nationalist victory; the Treaty of Sevres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne and the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in October 1923.
Modern Era
Irish War of Independence (1919-1921): IRA Against British Rule
A truce in July 1921 led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921, which created the Irish Free State while Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom.
Modern Era
Founding of the Weimar Republic (1919): Germany's First Democracy
Germany became a parliamentary republic with a democratic constitution, but the new state was burdened from the start by defeat, the peace terms and political violence.
Modern Era
Paris Peace Conference (1919): The Big Four Redraw the World
The victorious Allies drafted the League of Nations Covenant and the peace treaties with the defeated Central Powers, beginning with the Treaty of Versailles.
Modern Era
Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Peace That Ended World War I
Germany accepted territorial losses, disarmament, reparations and responsibility for the war; the treaty came into force on 10 January 1920.
Modern Era
Burial of the Unknown Warrior (1920) in Westminster Abbey
An unknown serviceman was buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey as a symbol of all the war dead with no known grave; France buried its own unknown soldier under the Arc de Triomphe.
Modern Era
Treaty of Sèvres (1920): The Partition of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman government accepted the loss of most of its territory, but the treaty was never ratified and was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
Modern Era
Treaty of Trianon (1920): The Peace That Divided Hungary
Hungary lost about two-thirds of its pre-war territory and roughly 60 per cent of its population to neighbouring states; the treaty came into force in July 1921.
Modern Era
Kapp Putsch (1920): The Right-Wing Coup Attempt in Berlin
The coup collapsed after four days in the face of a general strike and the refusal of civil servants to cooperate; the Weimar Republic survived.