Era · c. 1800 – 1945
Industry, science and global conflict: the century and a half that built the modern world.
Light physical damage to Japan but a major boost to American morale; all 16 aircraft were lost and Japan responded with a punitive campaign in eastern China and a push to take Midway.
Thousands of Filipino and American prisoners died on the march and many more in the following months at Camp O'Donnell; Homma was later tried and executed.
Japanese victory; about 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops surrendered on Singapore, and the island was occupied until September 1945.
Decisive Allied victory; the Axis Panzer Army Africa was driven out of Egypt and began a retreat that ended with its surrender in Tunisia in May 1943.
Decisive Soviet victory; the German Sixth Army was encircled and destroyed, and about 91,000 Axis soldiers surrendered.
Decisive US victory; Japan lost four fleet carriers and the initiative in the Pacific passed to the Allies.
Senior SS, Nazi Party and ministry officials agreed to cooperate under Heydrich's lead in the deportation and murder of Europe's Jews.
British victory: the Scharnhorst was sunk with the loss of almost all her crew, and the Arctic convoys were no longer threatened by German capital ships at sea.
US victory; Betio was captured in 76 hours, at a cost of about 1,000 American dead and nearly the entire Japanese garrison.
About 7,200 Jews and some 700 non-Jewish relatives reached Sweden; around 470 were deported to Theresienstadt, where about 50 died.
About 300 prisoners escaped; most were killed or recaptured, but roughly 50–60 survived the war, and the camp was closed soon after.
Admiral Yamamoto was killed when his bomber was shot down; one American fighter and its pilot were lost.
