Ancient World
Jugurthine War (112-105 BC): Rome Against the King of Numidia
Jugurtha was betrayed by Bocchus of Mauretania, handed to Sulla and executed in Rome; Numidia was divided among Roman client kings.
Region
Africa
Ancient World
Dendera Temple of Hathor: Ptolemaic Temple, Zodiac and Crypts
One of the best-preserved temples in Egypt was built for the goddess Hathor between the late Ptolemaic and early Roman periods.
Ancient World
Cleopatra VII: Last Ptolemaic Ruler of Egypt (51-30 BC)
Cleopatra's defeat and death in 30 BC ended the Ptolemaic dynasty, and Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.
Ancient World
Alexandrian War (48-47 BC): Caesar, Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII
Caesar's victory; Ptolemy XIII drowned and Cleopatra VII was confirmed as queen of Egypt under Roman protection.
Ancient World
Battle of Thapsus (46 BC): Caesar's Victory in North Africa
Decisive victory for Caesar; most Pompeian leaders in Africa died, Cato killed himself at Utica and Numidia became a Roman province.
Ancient World
Kandake Amanirenas and the Kushite War with Rome (25-22 BC)
After raids and counter-invasions, Augustus granted Kush's envoys their requests, cancelled the tribute and set the frontier at Hiera Sykaminos.
Ancient World
Kingdom of Aksum: Rise of the Ancient Ethiopian Empire
Aksum became one of the great states of late antiquity, adopted Christianity in the 4th century and declined after the 7th century as Red Sea trade shifted.
Ancient World
Obelisks of Aksum: The Giant Stelae of Ancient Ethiopia
The tallest monolithic monuments of the ancient world; the Rome stela was returned to Ethiopia in 2005 and re-erected in 2008.
Ancient World
Ezana's Conversion: Aksum Adopts Christianity in the 4th Century
Aksum's king and court adopted Christianity, laying the foundations of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Ancient World
Fall of Meroë: Aksum's King Ezana and the End of Kush
The Meroitic kingdom of Kush ceased to exist as a unified state by the mid-4th century AD, and the Middle Nile passed to new post-Meroitic societies.
Ancient World
Vandal Conquest of North Africa (429-439): Gaiseric's Kingdom
The Vandals and Alans took Carthage in 439 and founded a kingdom in North Africa that lasted until 534.
Middle Ages
Vandalic War (533-534): Belisarius Reconquers North Africa
Byzantine victory: the Vandal kingdom was destroyed, Gelimer surrendered and North Africa was restored to the Roman Empire.