Region
Hawkins made large profits on his first two voyages, but the third ended with the loss of most of his fleet at San Juan de Ulua in 1568, and organised English slave trading did not resume for decades.
A system of Atlantic commerce forcibly transported millions of Africans to American plantations and helped enrich European ports and merchants.
Idris Alooma expanded and centralised the Bornu kingdom, defeated the Bulala in Kanem and made Bornu the dominant state of the central Sudan for the next century.
Portugal gained a permanent base in West Central Africa, which became the capital of colonial Angola and a leading port of the Atlantic slave trade.
Decisive Moroccan victory; the Songhai empire collapsed and Gao, Timbuktu and Djenne came under Moroccan rule.
Palmares resisted Dutch and Portuguese attacks for most of the 17th century before its main settlement fell to Portuguese colonial forces in February 1694; Zumbi was killed in November 1695.
Around 300,000 Moriscos were deported, mostly to North Africa; Valencia and Aragon suffered severe population and economic losses.
Nzinga preserved an independent kingdom in Matamba against Portuguese expansion, made peace with Portugal in 1656 and died as queen in 1663.
Gondar became the permanent capital of the Ethiopian Solomonic emperors for about two centuries, and its fortified royal enclosure was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
The Portuguese garrison surrendered and Elmina became the Dutch headquarters on the Gold Coast until 1872.
The island fort became England's main base on the Gambia River and a centre of the slave trade; its ruins are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site listed in 2003.
The Dutch East India Company founded a permanent station at the Cape that grew into a slave-holding settler colony, dispossessed the Khoikhoi and laid the foundations of Cape Town.
