Region
The raid was crushed within 36 hours; Brown was captured, tried for treason against Virginia and hanged on 2 December 1859, becoming a martyr in the North and a symbol of menace in the South.
Confederate victory; the Union army retreated in disorder to Washington, and both sides realised the war would be long.
After 34 hours of bombardment the Union garrison surrendered and evacuated the fort on 14 April; Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers followed and four more states seceded.
Decisive Confederate victory; the Union Army of the Potomac lost about 12,600 men and withdrew across the Rappahannock River.
About 1.6 million homestead claims were eventually approved, transferring some 270 million acres of public land, roughly a tenth of the United States, to private owners.
Mexican victory; the French assault on the hill forts of Puebla was repulsed, delaying the French advance on Mexico City by about a year.
Union victory; after a near-defeat on the first day, Grant and Buell drove the Confederates back to Corinth, Mississippi, at a cost of about 23,700 casualties.
Tactically inconclusive but a strategic Union success: Lee withdrew to Virginia, and Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation five days later.
Confederate victory; the Union Army of the Cumberland retreated into Chattanooga, where it was besieged until November 1863.
The riots were suppressed by police and federal troops after four days; at least 119 people died and the draft resumed in August 1863.
Confederate victory; the Union assault was repulsed with heavy losses, but the 54th Massachusetts' courage changed Northern opinion about Black soldiers.
Confederate victory; Hooker's Army of the Potomac withdrew across the Rappahannock, but Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded.
