Region
After a failed first campaign, Han besieged the Dayuan capital in 102-101 BC; the Dayuan nobles killed their king and handed over horses, and Han prestige in Central Asia rose.
Sima Qian completed a 130-chapter history of China from the legendary Yellow Emperor to his own day, which became the model for the official dynastic histories.
Tigranes created the largest Armenian state in history, but after defeats by Lucullus he submitted to Pompey in 66 BC and kept only Armenia as a Roman ally.
Rome destroyed the kingdom of Pontus; Mithridates died in 63 BC and Pompey reorganised the eastern Mediterranean into Roman provinces and client kingdoms.
The wine monopoly and some iron offices were abolished, but the salt and iron monopolies survived; the debate was later recorded in Huan Kuan's Yantie Lun.
Excavation of the largely intact tomb produced more than 10,000 objects, including gold, around ten tonnes of bronze coins and thousands of bamboo slips.
Rapid victory for Caesar; Pharnaces II fled to the Bosporus and Roman control of Asia Minor was restored.
Wang Mang's Xin dynasty collapsed amid famine and rebellion; he was killed in Chang'an in AD 23, and the Han dynasty was restored under Emperor Guangwu in AD 25.
Augustus's official account of his career was inscribed in Rome and across the provinces; the copy at Ankara survives almost complete and is a key source for his reign.
Liu Xiu restored the Han dynasty with its capital at Luoyang, beginning the Eastern Han, which lasted until AD 220.
The sisters ruled independently for about three years before Ma Yuan's Han army defeated them in 42–43 and imposed direct Chinese administration.
Ban Zhao completed the Book of Han and wrote Lessons for Women, one of the most influential texts on women's conduct in Chinese history.
