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Three of four ships and fewer than 90 of about 249 men returned with a modest cargo of pepper, but the voyage proved the Dutch could reach the Indies and sparked a rush of expeditions that led to the VOC.
Twenty-six Christians were crucified, marking the first large-scale execution of Christians in Japan; they were canonised as saints in 1862.
Korean victory; the Japanese fleet withdrew after losing around thirty ships, and its advance along the west coast of Korea was halted.
Korean and Ming victory; the Japanese relief fleet suffered heavy losses, but Konishi Yukinaga escaped and Yi Sun-sin was killed.
London merchants received a 15-year royal monopoly of English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope, and the first voyage returned in 1603 with a large cargo of pepper.
Decisive victory for Tokugawa Ieyasu's Eastern Army, which made Ieyasu the master of Japan and led to the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603.
Ikeda Terumasa's rebuilding created the castle complex that survives today, a National Treasure and one of Japan's first UNESCO World Heritage Sites (1993).
The States General merged rival Dutch trading companies into one chartered company with a monopoly on Asian trade, which dominated the spice trade for much of the seventeenth century.
Ieyasu's appointment as shogun in 1603 began a military government that ruled Japan for about 265 years, until the Meiji Restoration of 1868.
Satsuma conquered Ryukyu, annexed the Amami Islands and made the kingdom a vassal of the Shimazu, while it continued to send tribute to China.
Nur Jahan exercised unusual political power alongside Jahangir until his death in 1627, when Shah Jahan took the throne and she retired to Lahore.
The embassy was received with honour in Madrid and Rome, but it failed to win a trade agreement, and Hasekura returned to a Japan that had banned Christianity.
