Middle Ages
Avicenna and The Canon of Medicine: Ibn Sina's Legacy
The Canon of Medicine became the standard medical textbook of the Islamic world and of European universities, used in teaching into the seventeenth century.
Region
Middle East
Middle Ages
Great Schism of 1054: The Split Between East and West Churches
Mutual excommunications between Rome's legates and the Patriarch of Constantinople became the symbolic date of the division between Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.
Middle Ages
Seljuk Capture of Baghdad (1055): Tughril Beg as Sultan
The Seljuks replaced the Buyids as masters of Baghdad and the Abbasid caliph, creating the partnership of caliph and sultan.
Middle Ages
Nizam al-Mulk and the Nizamiyya Madrasas of the Seljuks
Nizam al-Mulk built a Persian-run administration for the Seljuks and a network of endowed madrasas that spread across the Islamic world.
Middle Ages
Battle of Manzikert (1071): Byzantium's Defeat by the Seljuks
Seljuk victory and capture of Romanos IV; the Byzantine civil war that followed opened Anatolia to Turkish settlement.
Middle Ages
Sultanate of Rum (1077-1308): The Seljuks of Anatolia
The sultanate made central Anatolia a Turkish and Muslim land, then broke up under Mongol overlordship into the beyliks from which the Ottomans emerged.
Middle Ages
Al-Ghazali's Incoherence of the Philosophers (1095)
A landmark critique of Aristotelian philosophy in Islam that shaped theology for centuries and provoked Averroes' famous reply.
Middle Ages
People's Crusade (1096): Peter the Hermit's Doomed March
The expedition was destroyed by Seljuk Turks near Civetot in October 1096; a few thousand survivors were rescued by the Byzantines.
Middle Ages
First Crusade (1096-1099): From Clermont to Jerusalem
Crusader capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and creation of four Latin states in the Levant: Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli.
Middle Ages
Battle of Dorylaeum (1097): The First Crusade in Anatolia
Crusader victory; Kilij Arslan's army was routed and the crusaders could cross Anatolia towards Syria.
Middle Ages
Siege of Antioch (1097-1098): The First Crusade's Ordeal
Crusaders captured Antioch on 3 June 1098 and defeated Kerbogha's relief army on 28 June; Bohemond founded the Principality of Antioch.
Middle Ages
Siege of Jerusalem (1099): The Crusaders Take the Holy City
Crusaders stormed Jerusalem on 15 July 1099, massacred many inhabitants and founded the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.